Saturday, 19 July 2025

Wings Over Waffles: The Belgian Air Force Has a Go (1940 Edition)

Section 1: Introducing the Belgian Airforce of 1940: Not Just a Bit of Blighty’s Fancy, But Rather Brave!

When one thinks of the great aerial powers of the Second World War, Belgium rarely vaults to the front of the mental runway. No offence intended, of course. This plucky kingdom, famed more for its chocolates, beer, and bafflingly complex politics, did indeed have an air force in 1940—and not just a theoretical one either. Though perhaps more modest than mighty, it was staffed by brave souls who took to the skies with a stiff upper lip and aircraft that sometimes felt more suited to barnstorming than Blitzkrieg.

To say the Belgian Air Force was up against it would be like saying the Titanic had a slight issue with the nature of ice. The Luftwaffe descended upon poor Belgium with all the subtlety of a falling wardrobe, and our friends sans waffles were left to face them with a mixed bag of aircraft, many of which might have been more at home in a museum—had museums been open and not, you know, being bombed at the time. Nevertheless, with a fine combination of daring, determination, and what can only be described as sheer nerve, Belgian pilots had a jolly good crack at it.



In this post, we shall have a rummage through their hangars, so to speak. We'll cast an eye over the aircraft themselves—some homegrown, others borrowed, begged, or bought from abroad. We'll consider their tactics (such as they were), and examine how a small air force, tucked awkwardly between two larger, louder neighbours, tried to stand its ground when things got frightfully unpleasant in May 1940.

So do join me, dear reader, as we unfurl the tricolour, tighten our goggles, and dive headlong into the story of Belgium’s gallant if underdogged effort to defend its skies. It’s a tale of heroism, outdated machinery, and a certain admirable refusal to simply roll over and let the Luftwaffe have all the fun. Strap in—it may be a bit of a bumpy ride.

Section 2: Tea, Tactics, and Tinfoil Wings: Belgium's Pre-War Preparations

Though modern Belgians might be forgiven for regarding military aviation as something best left to NATO or the French, the roots of their air force stretch back to the heady days of canvas, courage, and conspicuously large moustaches. In fact, Belgium was one of the earliest adopters of military aviation, forming an aerial corps as early as 1909—back when flying machines were considered only slightly more reliable than séances. This forward-thinking attitude gave Belgium a brief head start before being very rudely flattened in World War I.

Following the Great War (and after the Belgians had recovered from having their entire country used as a shortcut), the aviation arm of the military was slowly reconstituted. By the mid-1920s, it had earned the grand-sounding title of Aéronautique Militaire, though its equipment remained rather less grand, much like its every day tag line of Luchtcomponent. Think less “Cutting-edge air force” and more “Second-hand catalogue, slightly damp.” Funding, as always, was something of an issue, and enthusiasm in the government waxed and waned depending on who’d most recently had tea with the French.



The Belgian government, finding itself in the rather awkward geographical position of being the doormat between France and Germany's front doors, decided in the 1930s that neutrality might be the best way forward—a noble if ultimately optimistic plan. With this neutrality came a certain hesitation to do anything too provocative, such as acquiring effective bombers, or—Heaven forbid—more than a dozen serviceable fighters. Belgian military planners thus found themselves tasked with defending the skies without appearing to threaten anyone, a bit like guarding your house by installing very polite hedgehogs.

Nonetheless, there were genuine efforts to modernise. By the late 1930s, the Belgians began to purchase more up-to-date aircraft—some home-grown, like the Renard R.31 (a reconnaissance aircraft that looked like it had forgotten a wing), and some foreign imports such as the British-built Fairey Fox and Battle. The latter was a light bomber that might have had a better chance against the Luftwaffe had it been somewhere (or something) else. In 1940, it was roughly as stealthy and survivable as a cow on a bicycle.



Organisationally, the air force was split into three primary regiments, covering fighter, reconnaissance, and bomber duties. These were not sprawling commands with thousands of aircraft, but more like tightly managed flying clubs with military aspirations. Pilots were well-trained and impressively dedicated, though many were hampered by mechanical shortcomings, chronic underfunding, and an abundance of aircraft that wouldn’t look out of place on a weather vane.

To their credit, the Belgians did not sit entirely idle as war clouds gathered over Europe. They improved airfields, scrambled for newer kit, and tried valiantly to prepare for the possibility that someone, somewhere, might not respect their neutrality. Alas, when Germany came calling in May 1940, they did not knock. And thus, the Belgian Air Force, though small and under-equipped, found itself thrust into the thick of it—outnumbered, outgunned, but rarely entirely outclassed.


Section 3: Scramble! The Belgian Air Force Has a Go (For Real This Time)




May 10, 1940, dawned bleakly over Belgium, but with an air of deceptive calm. The sun was barely peeking over the horizon when the all-too-familiar drone of German reconnaissance aircraft pierced the stillness. For the Belgian Air Force—numbering barely a few hundred operational aircraft scattered over a smattering of airfields—the day that had long been feared had arrived. With little warning and fewer resources, pilots and ground crews scrambled to their posts, hearts pounding as the Luftwaffe’s thundercloud of planes darkened the skies.

In 1940, the Belgian fighter force was small but spirited, mostly equipped with Gloster Gladiators—biplanes that, whilst outdated compared to German fighters, were flown with fierce determination. They also operated the Fairey Fox, a light bomber capable of limited fighter duties, and a handful of Hawker Hurricanes Mk.Is which arrived just before the invasion but saw very limited action.

Despite being outnumbered and outclassed technologically, Belgian fighter pilots earned admiration for their skill and bravery.

One standout was Lieutenant Henri Demarest, who flew Gladiators during the early days of the invasion. On May 10th, he engaged in several dogfights near Antwerp, reportedly shooting down a German Dornier Do 17 bomber before his aircraft was damaged, forcing a crash landing. His cool-headedness under fire and relentless spirit exemplified the Belgian pilot’s determination.

The First Clash: 2nd Fighter Squadron’s Gladiators Meet the Luftwaffe




The 2nd Fighter Squadron, equipped with Gloster Gladiators, biplanes that looked as if they had hopped straight from the late 1920s into 1940, were perhaps the most vulnerable yet valiant defenders of the Belgian skies. The Gladiators, with cockpits left open and fixed landing gear, were an anachronism in the face of the sleek, deadly Messerschmitt Bf 109s and Bf 110s that the Germans fielded.

Lieutenant Charles Denis—known among his comrades as “Charlie” and famous for a grin that could probably have disarmed the Luftwaffe itself—was the first to climb into the chilly air. Flying out of the Evere airfield near Brussels, Denis and his wingman took to the skies at 06:15 to intercept a German bomber formation heading for Antwerp.

The engagement was frantic and desperate. The Dornier Do-17 bombers, escorted by swarms of fighters, swooped low over the flat Belgian countryside. Charlie, manoeuvring his Gladiator with a mix of skill and sheer pluck, found himself in a head-to-head with a Messerschmitt. Bullets ripped through his wing, and yet, with the agility only a biplane could manage, he managed to tail a Dornier long enough to fire a burst that sent one bomber spiralling earthward.



“One for the Waffles!” crackled his radio, a victorious cry that lifted spirits back at the base. That morning’s encounter set the tone: the Belgian pilots might be flying machines from a bygone era, but their spirit was as fierce as any eagle’s.

Another notable pilot was Adjudant Pierre Arend, who flew Gladiators out of Evere Air Base. On May 11th, Arend and his comrades intercepted waves of German Ju 87 Stuka dive bombers attacking Belgian ground forces. Although heavily outgunned and outnumbered, their dogfights disrupted the German attacks, allowing Belgian troops crucial breathing space.

The Belgian Air Force acquired a small number of Hawker Hurricane Mk.I fighters, primarily for their 2/I/2Aé squadron, also known as "Chardon". These Hurricanes saw action during the German invasion of Belgium in May 1940. Sadly, most were lost during the initial Luftwaffe attacks on May 10th and subsequent strafing of Beauvechain. Only three of the operational Hurricanes managed to escape the initial attacks, but they were also destroyed in the subsequent strafing of Beauvechain.



Throughout the campaign, Belgian fighter squadrons were plagued by logistical shortages—fuel, spare parts, and armaments were in short supply—and frequently had to relocate airfields to avoid bombardment. Pilots often flew multiple sorties a day with little rest, forging tight bonds forged in the furnace of war.

Many who survived went on to join Allied air forces, notably the Royal Air Force, where their experience would become invaluable in the struggle to liberate Europe.

Reconnaissance with a Side of Bravery: The Renard R.31’s Grim Task

While the fighters danced nervously with Messerschmitts above, the reconnaissance squadrons were charged with the far less glamorous but absolutely crucial job of spying on the advancing enemy columns below. Flying the somewhat ponderous Renard R.31, a single-seat monoplane that looked as if it had been designed with aerodynamics as an afterthought, these pilots had to brave enemy fire, unpredictable weather, and mechanical quirks that often threatened to ground them before takeoff.



The R.31 was not built for speed or agility—more like a slow-moving, vulnerable hawk circling over the fields, snapping aerial photographs and radioing back information on troop movements and artillery placements. Flying low to the ground to get a clear view made the pilots prime targets for anti-aircraft fire and Luftwaffe fighters, but retreat was rarely an option. Their reconnaissance was the eyes of the Belgian Army, and without their reports, the infantry and armour would have been blind.

One such mission on May 11th saw a Belgian R.31 pilot, Lieutenant Marcel Duvivier, skimming the tree line near the Ardennes. Despite being repeatedly harried by German flak and barely dodging an attacking Messerschmitt, Duvivier managed to capture crucial photos showing the concentration of Panzer units massing for the coming assault. His ability to keep the plane steady under fire and return safely with the intelligence proved invaluable to the Belgian command’s desperate attempts at planning counter-moves.


Reconnaissance sorties were long, tedious, and frequently nerve-wracking affairs that lacked the glamour of dogfights but demanded equal amounts of courage. The bravery of these pilots, staring down death in their fragile aircraft, often went unnoticed, but without them, Belgium’s defenders would have been flying quite literally blind.

The Tragic Heroism of the 1st Bomber Squadron

The backbone of Belgium’s offensive air efforts in 1940 rested largely on its 1st Bomber Squadron, equipped mainly with the Fairey Battle light bomber and the home-grown Renard R.31 reconnaissance-bomber hybrid. Though not built for the rigours of modern war, these aircraft were entrusted with the daunting task of striking at German troop concentrations and supply lines during the frantic opening days of the invasion.

The Fairey Battle, in particular, was a slow and lightly armed aircraft, increasingly obsolete by 1940 standards. When the German blitzkrieg thundered across the Belgian countryside, these bombers were ordered into perilous missions against advancing armored columns and airfields, fully aware of the deadly flak and fighter opposition awaiting them.



One of the most harrowing missions took place near Gembloux in mid-May, where bomber formations flew repeated sorties attempting to disrupt the Wehrmacht’s rapid advance. The courage of the crews was unquestionable; many missions ended with aircraft shot down or heavily damaged. Despite the losses, their efforts slowed German progress just enough to allow Belgian and Allied ground forces precious moments to reorganize defenses.

Unfortunately, detailed records of individual bomber pilots are scarce, partly due to the rapid collapse and subsequent occupation. However, the bravery of these crews, flying vulnerable aircraft into the teeth of enemy fire, remains a testament to their dedication. Their sacrifice—often flying under dire odds with inadequate equipment—embodied the spirit of a small nation fighting desperately against overwhelming force.

Conclusion:
In the grand tapestry of 1940’s aerial theatre, the Belgian Airforce may not have boasted the sheer numbers or the high-flying glamour of its larger neighbours, but what it lacked in quantity it made up for with a spirited dash of pluck and perseverance. Despite being rather caught between the proverbial rock and a hard place — surrounded by the Blitzkrieg’s thunderous advance — these brave aviators took to the skies with a stiff upper lip, the manner of which a lone British colonial officer standing firm with his resolute punkah would be proud to call his own and a determination that would have made any tea-loving Brit proud. Their efforts, though often overshadowed by more headline-grabbing squadrons, remain a testament to the tenacity and courage of a small nation standing tall against the storm.



Though the campaign was brief and fraught with challenge, the Belgian pilots and ground crews demonstrated that true mettle is measured not in fleet size but in the sheer grit of those who dare to defend their homeland. Their aerial escapades, marked by moments of gallantry and quick-thinking, laid a foundation of honour and remembrance that would echo long after the last engine had sputtered to a halt. In short, the Belgian Airforce of 1940 was a small but stubborn thorn in the side of the Axis, proving that sometimes it’s the underdog with the boldest spirit that leaves the most lasting impression.

Section 4: Steel, Sweat, and Skies: The Planes That Took Flight for Belgium in 1940

Before we tip our hats and bid farewell to these gallant flyers, it’s only proper to take a gander at the trusty flying machines that carried them into battle. From nimble fighters to sturdy reconnaissance planes, the Belgian Airforce’s fleet was a curious blend of homegrown and imported craft — each with its own quirks, charms, and occasionally temperamental engines. Without further ado, let us dive into the splendid array of aircraft that powered Belgium’s aerial defence in 1940, the very steel steeds that bore the brunt of the skies’ tempest.

Renard R-31




The Renard R-31 was a Belgian-designed reconnaissance parasol monoplane, quite distinctive with its high-wing configuration and fixed undercarriage. Introduced in the early 1930s, it was already somewhat outdated by 1940, but the Belgian Air Force still relied on it heavily for reconnaissance and army cooperation duties. Powered by a Hispano-Suiza 12Y engine, it could reach speeds of around 210 km/h (130 mph), which was far from speedy by 1940 standards, making it extremely vulnerable to enemy fighters.



In service with the Aéronautique Militaire, the R-31 was mainly tasked with low-altitude reconnaissance missions, often flying perilously close to the front lines to gather intelligence on German troop movements during the early days of the invasion. Despite its sluggishness and lack of armament—typically just a single machine gun for self-defence—pilots demonstrated great bravery flying these slow, vulnerable aircraft in the face of Luftwaffe fighters and ground fire. Its sturdiness and stable flight characteristics were virtues appreciated by crews, especially when dodging flak.



The aircraft’s limited speed and lack of manoeuvrability, however, meant many R-31s were lost during reconnaissance sorties in May 1940. Several crews successfully returned with valuable intelligence that aided Belgian ground operations, but the aircraft’s vulnerabilities became painfully clear under combat conditions. By the campaign’s end, surviving R-31s were either destroyed or captured, marking the end of its operational role.



Despite its limitations, the Renard R-31 remains an emblem of Belgian aviation ingenuity in the interwar period and a testament to the courage of its pilots, who flew these relics on near-suicidal missions during the darkest days of the Battle of Belgium.

Brewster 339B 'Buffalo'


The Brewster 339B Buffalo was a modern monoplane fighter acquired by Belgium just before the outbreak of World War II. Originally designed in the United States, the Buffalo had mixed reviews worldwide but was valued by the Belgians for its ruggedness and relatively good firepower. Powered by a Wright R-1820 radial engine, it could reach speeds of approximately 520 km/h (323 mph) and was armed with four .50 calibre machine guns.


Belgium received only a small batch of these fighters in early 1940—too late and too few to alter the air balance significantly. The Belgian Air Force employed the Buffalo primarily in fighter interception roles, aiming to counter the Luftwaffe’s more numerous and often faster aircraft. Pilots appreciated its stability and armament, though it struggled against the superior speed and manoeuvrability of the German Bf 109s.



During the Battle of Belgium, Brewster Buffaloes flew numerous combat sorties, engaging enemy bombers and fighters alike. Despite their efforts, the limited number and lack of experienced crews restricted their impact. Some Buffalos were lost to enemy action or accidents, but the aircraft demonstrated a level of rugged resilience, surviving tough conditions better than some contemporaries.



Although the Buffalo never became a legendary fighter, in Belgian service it represented a valiant last-ditch effort to modernize an air force desperately outpaced by the rapid advances in aviation technology that marked 1940’s skies.

Fairey Battle Mk.1




The Fairey Battle Mk.1 was a British single-engine light bomber adopted by the Belgian Air Force in the late 1930s. Powered by a Rolls-Royce Merlin engine, the Battle was capable of about 340 mph (550 km/h) and armed with a forward-firing machine gun and a rear gunner for defence, alongside a bomb load of up to 1,000 pounds (450 kg). Though it was a modern design at the time of adoption, by 1940 it was increasingly vulnerable to fighter interception.



In Belgian service, the Fairey Battle formed the core of the 1st Bomber Squadron’s offensive power. Belgian crews flew desperate bombing raids against German ground forces during the invasion, often facing well-prepared anti-aircraft defences and aggressive Luftwaffe fighters. The slow speed and light defensive armament of the Battle made these missions exceptionally perilous, leading to heavy losses.



Despite this, Belgian Fairey Battle crews demonstrated remarkable courage and determination. They took to the skies repeatedly in attempts to slow the German advance, focusing on attacking armoured columns, bridges, and troop concentrations. While their missions sometimes achieved tactical successes, the high attrition rates and inability to effectively defend themselves underscored the Battle’s limitations.



By the campaign’s end, most of the Fairey Battles in Belgian service had been destroyed or abandoned. Nevertheless, their crews’ bravery in the face of overwhelming odds left a lasting impression, and several survivors would later serve with Allied forces throughout the war.

Fairey Fox 3c




The Fairey Fox 3c was a variant of the Fairey Fox light bomber and reconnaissance aircraft, originally a British design but licensed and produced in Belgium in the late 1920s and early 1930s. Though relatively antiquated by 1940, the Fox 3c remained in service primarily for reconnaissance and light bombing roles within the Belgian Air Force. It featured a Rolls-Royce Kestrel engine, enabling speeds up to around 280 km/h (175 mph).



Belgian units used the Fairey Fox 3c mostly for training and secondary reconnaissance duties during the early phases of the campaign, with some aircraft still seeing frontline use during the 18 Day War due to the lack of newer replacements. Its relatively low speed and limited defensive armament made it vulnerable in contested airspace, but it proved reliable and easy to maintain.



During the German invasion, Fairey Fox 3c crews conducted reconnaissance flights and light bombing raids aimed at delaying the enemy’s advance. While their impact was limited by the aircraft’s age and capabilities, these missions contributed to Belgium’s broader defensive efforts by providing intelligence and modest firepower where available.

After the collapse of Belgian resistance, most Fairey Fox 3c aircraft were destroyed or captured. Though overshadowed by more modern aircraft, the Fox 3c played a quietly important role in sustaining Belgian air operations during this time of crisis.

Fiat CR.42 Falco



The Fiat CR.42 Falco was an Italian-built biplane fighter known for its excellent manoeuvrability and robust construction. Powered by a Fiat A.74 radial engine, it could reach speeds of around 440 km/h (273 mph) and was armed with two 12.7 mm Breda-SAFAT machine guns. Though it was one of the last biplane fighters in service by 1940, the CR.42 remained competitive in some theatres due to its agility.



Belgium acquired a small number of Fiat CR.42s in the late 1930s as part of efforts to modernise its fighter force. They operated alongside the Gloster Gladiators and Brewster Buffaloes, primarily serving with fighter squadrons tasked with home defence. The CR.42’s excellent handling characteristics made it popular with Belgian pilots despite its biplane configuration.



During the German invasion, CR.42s saw combat defending Belgian airspace against Luftwaffe bombers and fighters. While slower than the Bf 109s they faced, the Falco’s nimbleness allowed skilled pilots to make effective attacks, especially in dogfights at lower altitudes. The aircraft suffered losses due to both combat and operational challenges, but Belgian pilots praised its responsiveness.

Ultimately, the CR.42 was no match for the modern monoplane fighters dominating the skies in 1940, but in Belgian hands, it filled a vital role as a sturdy and manoeuvrable defender during the desperate Battle of Belgium.

Gloster Gladiator Mk.1



The Gloster Gladiator Mk.1 was a British-built biplane fighter and the last of its kind to serve as a frontline fighter in the RAF during World War II. Powered by a Bristol Mercury radial engine producing about 840 hp, it could reach speeds of roughly 414 km/h (257 mph). Armed with four .303 machine guns, it was considered obsolete by 1940 but still capable in the hands of skilled pilots.



Belgium operated a fleet of Gladiator Mk.1 fighters, which formed the backbone of its fighter squadrons during the 1940 invasion. These aircraft were scattered across various airfields and were among the first to respond to Luftwaffe attacks on May 10th. The Gladiators’ manoeuvrability and reliability made them suitable for Belgium’s limited air defence needs, despite being outmatched in speed and firepower by German Bf 109s.



Belgian pilots flying Gladiators engaged in numerous dogfights throughout the campaign. Their efforts, though ultimately unable to prevent German air superiority, inflicted losses on the enemy and disrupted bombing raids. The aircraft’s open cockpits and rugged construction gave crews some advantage in visibility and survivability, which was appreciated during chaotic engagements.

By the end of the campaign, most Gladiators had been destroyed, damaged, or captured, but their pilots’ gallantry flying these outdated machines remains a poignant chapter in Belgian aviation history.

Hawker Hurricane Mk.I

When Belgium went shopping for modern fighter aircraft in the late 1930s, it had already clocked the worrying storm clouds gathering over Europe. Seeking something with a bit more oomph than their charming but outmoded Fairey Fireflies and Gloster Gladiators, the Belgians wisely turned to Hawker Aircraft Ltd. and ordered 20 Hurricane Mk.Is—properly dashing machines equipped with eight .303 Browning machine guns and powered by the Rolls-Royce Merlin III engine, producing a respectable 1,030 horsepower. Not bad for a flying bathtub made largely of fabric and hope.



These early Hurricanes were the Mk.I "tropical" variant—though more in spirit than specification—and featured two-bladed Watts fixed-pitch wooden propellers, fabric-covered wings, and lacked armour plating or self-sealing fuel tanks. Delivered between November 1939 and March 1940, they were assigned to the 2e Escadrille de Chasse of the 1er Régiment d’Aéronautique based at Schaffen-Diest airfield. The Belgians, ever the polite hosts, promptly began training on their new aircraft with the looming understanding that Germany’s intentions were anything but neighbourly.



When the balloon went up on 10 May 1940, the Luftwaffe’s opening gambit included bombing Belgian airfields—and naturally, Schaffen-Diest was high on the guest list. Several Hurricanes were destroyed on the ground before they had a chance to stretch their undercarriage. Nevertheless, a handful managed to scramble, and in one notable engagement on 12 May 1940, Sergeant André Dutilleux intercepted a formation of Heinkel He 111 bombers near Tienen. In an act of airborne gallantry that would have made Douglas Bader put down his tea, Dutilleux pressed home a bold attack, claiming to have damaged one bomber before withdrawing under heavy escort fire.



Belgian Hurricane pilots, though valiant, were at a distinct disadvantage. With no radar, minimal early warning, and little ground coordination, they were effectively playing hide-and-seek with Messerschmitts. To add insult to injury, the Luftwaffe enjoyed numerical superiority and faster, more heavily armed aircraft such as the Bf 109E, which boasted two 20mm cannons and a higher top speed of 354 mph, compared to the Belgian Hurricanes' top speed of around 316 mph. Still, one cannot fault their pluck. Despite fuel shortages, primitive radio comms, and the ongoing obliteration of their country, Belgian pilots got airborne and gave it a thoroughly good go.



By 28 May, Belgium had surrendered, and the Hurricane’s Belgian chapter came to an abrupt end. Of the 20 aircraft originally delivered, most were either destroyed in action, captured intact by advancing German forces, or scuttled by ground crews to prevent their use. A few Belgian pilots managed to escape to France, and later to Britain, where some continued to serve with the Royal Air Force—proving that if you couldn’t save the Hurricanes, you could at least borrow someone else’s and carry on the fight.



In sum, the Hurricane Mk.I in Belgian service was a valiant effort at modernisation—a knight’s sword brought to a gunfight. Though short-lived and numerically underwhelming, its service is a testament to Belgium’s effort to resist with dignity and horsepower, despite the odds. And let it never be said that the Belgians lacked discernment in aircraft procurement. When in doubt, always pick British and bolt Browning guns to it.



Section 5: Denouement in the Low Countries: Farewell to Foxes and Falcos

And so, dear reader, we have traversed the turbulent skies of 1940 Belgium — from the wheezing Renard R-31, all struts and hope, to the gallant Gladiator, rattling its machine guns like a silver teacup in a hailstorm. We’ve met bomber crews who flew their Fairey Battles into the very teeth of the Blitzkrieg, and pilots who made do with what the Ministry could spare, bless them. Each aircraft, each sortie, each half-empty fuel tank tells a story of courage, misfortune, and an admirable refusal to pack it in quietly. It may not have been the most glamorous air force, but by thunder, it had character.

Which brings us, rather conveniently, to the raison d'être of Bayonets and Brushes new range. Why, you ask, have we chosen to immortalise this tragically underdogged little air force in pewter, resin, and loving detail? Because history, good sir or madam, is not merely about the victors with their shiny Spitfires and symphonic documentaries. It’s about the bold few who stood their ground (or air) with grit, guts, and aircraft that sometimes started. These are the stories your tabletop deserves — desperate scramble sorties, valiant last stands, and aerial encounters conducted at speeds your average pigeon would find leisurely.



In short: any wargamer worth their camouflage jacket and dice bag ought to have the Belgian Air Force in their life. Not just because it adds flavour, flair, and a dash of Continental bravery to your tabletop, but because it reminds us that heroism doesn’t require overwhelming firepower — just a Gladiator, a map of the Ardennes, and the sheer bloody-mindedness to give Jerry what-for on a Tuesday morning. So load up your Fairey Foxes, glue down those undercarriage struts, and take to the skies. Belgium is calling — and frankly, she’s rather annoyed.





Saturday, 12 July 2025

Yet More Crimson-Clotted Flappers Above the Sunny Sierras!

Just when you thought the skies of the Spanish Civil War were already crowded enough to resemble a particularly aggressive pigeon convention over Madrid, we’ve gone and done the unthinkable: added more planes. Yes, you asked for balance, historical accuracy, and maybe a break from being strafed every 30 seconds—but we heard all that as “Please, sir, may I have some more biplanes and bombers?”

Frankly, we could no longer sit by and allow a mere 57 aircraft types to carry the burden of the entire conflict. These noble winged warriors have done their duty, but like any good air force brass, we believe in throwing quantity at the problem until quality emerges by sheer statistical miracle. So whether you're a Nationalist ace, a Republican rookie, or just here for the engine noises, rest assured—reinforcements have arrived, and they’re loud, leaky, and extremely flammable.

So buckle up, adjust your leather flight helmet, and prepare for a dive into the gloriously chaotic skies of 1930s Spain. We’ve got new aircraft. We’ve got questionable design decisions. We’ve got paint jobs that scream “I was designed by committee.” And we’re putting them all into the firing line, because if there’s one thing this war needed, it was more mid-air collisions. Let’s take a look!


The Savoia-Marchetti Sm.81 'Pipistrello'



The Savoia-Marchetti SM.81 Pipistrello (that’s “Bat” to those whose Italian is limited to menu items) was Italy’s idea of a multi-role workhorse in the early 1930s—a time when aviation design still bore the charming hallmarks of trial, error, and occasional hope. Derived from the earlier SM.73 airliner, the Pipistrello was a three-engined, low-wing monoplane with a fixed undercarriage and the sort of profile that suggested it was designed by committee, each of whom had a slightly different aircraft in mind. It boasted a rather broad fuselage, capable of carrying up to 4,000 kg of bombs, a reasonable defensive armament of up to five 7.7 mm Breda-SAFAT machine guns, and a top speed that could best be described as brisk, provided you were being chased by nothing faster than a determined pigeon.



Now, onto its role in the Spanish Civil War, where the SM.81 followed up its successful combat debut during the Second Italo-Ethiopean War. Mussolini, ever keen to export both ideology and surplus hardware, dispatched the Pipistrello to support the Nationalists under the banner of the Aviazione Legionaria. While not exactly cutting-edge, the SM.81 was immediately put to work bombing Republican positions, railway lines, supply depots, and—in true interwar fashion—occasionally the wrong side, depending on the visibility and navigational accuracy of the day. It proved rugged, reliable, and, crucially, available in numbers. Its broad wings and stable flight characteristics made it quite suitable for the low-altitude bombing runs typical of the conflict, especially in the early years before dedicated fighters and anti-aircraft defences became particularly terrifying.



Despite its civilian heritage and slow pace (cruising at around 211 km/h, or the speed of a startled Vespa), the Pipistrello demonstrated surprising resilience under fire. Its three-engine configuration—typically Alfa Romeo 125 RC.35s or later Piaggio P.X engines—gave it a useful redundancy; pilots often joked that it would still limp home on one and a half engines and a prayer. While vulnerable to interception, especially as the Republican Air Force received more modern Soviet types, the SM.81 maintained a steady operational tempo. It was particularly effective in the early bombing of Madrid and the campaigns in the north, where its relatively generous bomb load and good range (up to 2,000 km) allowed it to support ground operations with consistent, if not always accurate, enthusiasm.



However, by the latter stages of the war, it became painfully clear that the Pipistrello’s glory days were behind it. Republican fighter defences had stiffened, and more nimble bombers like the SM.79 were entering the fray. The SM.81, noble bat that it was, began to look increasingly like a flying anachronism—a sort of airborne museum exhibit that was somehow still being shot at. Nevertheless, it served its purpose: it gave the Nationalists a strategic bombing capability at a critical time and proved that even a slightly overweight tri-motor with a face only an engineer could love could find its place in the chaos of civil war. And if nothing else, it provided invaluable experience for its crews—and target practice for everyone else.


The Caproni Ca.310 'Libeccio'



The Caproni Ca.310 Libeccio—named, with what we can only assume was admirable optimism, after the warm south-westerly wind of the Mediterranean—was intended as a light bomber and reconnaissance aircraft for the modern age. Developed from the Ca.309 Ghibli, it retained the general layout of its predecessor but was fitted with sleeker lines, retractable landing gear (a marvel, though not entirely reliable), and a glazed nose section for its observer, who could now enjoy being motion-sick and shot at in equal measure. Powered by two Piaggio P.VII C.35 radial engines delivering 470 horsepower each, the Ca.310 could reach a top speed of around 370 km/h, though only if gravity was on its side and no one was looking too closely at the altimeter.



In the Spanish Civil War, the Ca.310 was sent as part of Mussolini’s ongoing contribution to the Nationalist cause—and perhaps, more cynically, as an opportunity to test his engineers’ work on someone else’s front line. Arriving in the latter half of the conflict, the Libeccio was assigned to reconnaissance and light bombing duties with the Aviazione Legionaria. While its modern appearance raised eyebrows and hopes alike, its operational record was somewhat more modest. Republican forces, by this point better equipped and less inclined to admire the aircraft’s Art Deco contours, were increasingly able to mount effective resistance, and the Ca.310’s light bomb load (400 kg maximum) limited its impact to tactical targets such as convoys, small troop concentrations, and anyone unfortunate enough to be in the open during siesta.



In fairness, the aircraft’s versatility made it a welcome addition to an air arm still relying heavily on older types. The Ca.310 could loiter, photograph, drop a few bombs, and return with at least one engine still running—most of the time. Its retractable undercarriage, a technical innovation, was prone to sulking at inopportune moments, and its defensive armament—a single dorsal 7.7 mm Breda-SAFAT machine gun and two fixed forward-firing guns—was only marginally more effective than harsh language. Still, in the calmer airspace of the rear areas and during low-intensity operations, the Libeccio held its own, performing reconnaissance missions with relative ease, so long as no one on the ground took much exception to being observed.



Ultimately, the Ca.310’s performance in Spain could best be described as “educational”—for the Italians, who discovered its limitations rather quickly, and for the Nationalists, who politely declined further large-scale deliveries. While it was a step forward from its predecessors, it wasn’t quite the leap hoped for. Later export customers, such as Norway and Hungary, would also find it wanting, with more than a few aircraft quietly returned or traded like an unwanted Christmas jumper. Still, the Libeccio left its mark—if not always in bomb craters, then certainly in the lessons it offered about mid-1930s aircraft design: namely, that beauty is not always accompanied by competence, and that even the most stylish of aircraft must occasionally deliver results.


The De-Havilland DH-89 Dragon Rapide & DH-89M Militarised Rapide




Ah, the de Havilland DH.89 Dragon Rapide—a name that conjures the image of roaring skies and heroic deeds, though in reality, it was far more likely to be found transporting civil servants, minor aristocrats, and baskets of mail than dodging flak. Introduced in 1934, the Dragon Rapide was a twin-engined, short-haul passenger aircraft that brought a touch of elegance and art deco flair to the interwar skies. Built primarily from wood and fabric (because what else would you want to be flying over the Pyrenees in?), the DH.89 was powered by a pair of de Havilland Gipsy Six engines, each offering 200 horsepower—just enough to get airborne with eight passengers and a strong tailwind. Its cruising speed of 253 km/h wasn’t exactly blistering, but it had range, reliability, and charm in spades.



When the Spanish Civil War erupted in 1936, the DH.89 found itself pressed into roles far beyond its original remit. Famously, one such aircraft was used in a pivotal moment of the war: the July 1936 flight from the Canary Islands to Spanish Morocco, in which General Francisco Franco was flown aboard a privately hired Rapide—G-ACYR, if we’re being precise. This humble airliner thus played a rather significant role in history, facilitating Franco’s rendezvous with the Army of Africa and, one might argue, kicking off the whole nationalist escapade in earnest. One could say the Dragon Rapide helped deliver fascism to mainland Spain with all the punctuality of a well-managed British train timetable.



As the war progressed, more Dragon Rapides were pressed into service by both sides, though with wildly differing levels of military enthusiasm. The Nationalists, having received some examples through shadowy procurement channels (including possibly "lost" civilian aircraft that somehow forgot their original destinations), began adapting them for communications, liaison duties, and occasional bombing missions—yes, bombing, though dropping explosives from a Dragon Rapide was rather like lobbing bricks from a double-decker bus. The aircraft’s wooden airframe was never designed for combat stress, and one suspects that any encounters with faster, better-armed aircraft ended with the Rapide rapidly ceasing to be so.



Enter the DH.89M, or Militarised Rapide, de Havilland’s very polite attempt to make a warplane out of a gentleman’s commuter aircraft. The M-variant featured reinforced structure, provisions for a dorsal Lewis gun, and underwing racks for light bombs—because if history has taught us anything, it’s that the British will try to put bombs on absolutely anything. Several of these were reportedly used in Spain in a limited capacity by the Nationalists. They performed reconnaissance, light transport, and short-range bombing runs, albeit with a rather high element of risk. After all, the DH.89M still shared the basic silhouette of a flying cricket pavilion—hardly ideal when bullets are involved.



Despite their clear unsuitability for front-line combat, the Dragon Rapides were prized for their availability and their surprising durability under the right conditions (i.e., when no one was shooting back). Both Republican and Nationalist forces used them extensively for VIP transport, courier work, and observation. It wasn’t glamorous service, but it was essential, and in many cases, the Rapide proved to be far more dependable than some of the purpose-built bombers flailing around the skies. They also had the immense advantage of being easy to fly and maintain, which in a war filled with logistical chaos was no small feat.



In the grand pantheon of military aircraft, the Dragon Rapide and DH.89M occupy a peculiar niche—somewhere between “ill-advised” and “remarkably useful, all things considered.” They weren’t fast, they weren’t heavily armed, and they certainly weren’t intimidating, but they soldiered on nonetheless, bridging gaps, ferrying commanders, and occasionally launching bombs with all the menace of an angry postman. Their contribution to the Spanish Civil War may not have been the stuff of legends, but it was, in its own quiet, propeller-humming way, rather heroic.


The Potez 25 TOE



The Potez 25 TOE—the Terre d’Outre-Mer variant of France’s wildly successful interwar biplane—was very much a product of its time: sturdy, versatile, and about as streamlined as a garden shed. First introduced in the mid-1920s, the Potez 25 was designed as a twin-seat reconnaissance and light bomber aircraft, and by the early 1930s, it had been exported far and wide to anyone with a runway and a budget. The TOE version was built specifically for colonial service, boasting a reinforced airframe, desert filters, and an extended range fuel tank—ideal for long sorties over vast and often hostile terrain. Powered by a 600 hp Hispano-Suiza 12Hb V-12 engine (though various engines were fitted depending on the customer), it could reach speeds of up to 230 km/h—not bad for a machine held together largely by fabric, wood, and French engineering optimism.



The Spanish Civil War saw the Potez 25 pressed into service with the Fuerzas Aéreas de la República Española (FARE), who received several examples from French stocks, including TOE variants. Despite being somewhat long in the tooth by 1936, the Potez was deployed in reconnaissance and light bombing roles, particularly during the early stages of the conflict when the Republican forces were desperately cobbling together an air force out of anything with wings. It was serviceable, if unspectacular—able to loiter over the front lines, snap photographs, and drop small bombs with the sort of casual detachment one might expect from a reluctant waiter at a tapas bar.



What the Potez 25 lacked in glamour, it made up for in sheer doggedness. The TOE’s ruggedness allowed it to operate from rough fields and endure the usual Spanish warzone hospitality: dust, heat, poor maintenance, and the occasional unexpected rendezvous with enemy fighters. That said, when faced with modern opposition—such as the Nationalists’ Italian CR.32s or German Heinkel biplanes—the Potez was at a distinct disadvantage. With only a single forward-firing machine gun and a rear-mounted Lewis or Darne gun for defence, its survival often came down to pilot skill, low visibility, or divine indifference. Nonetheless, its crews managed to eke out a useful, if modest, contribution to the Republican war effort, particularly in the less heavily contested zones.



By late 1937, however, the Potez 25 was clearly past its prime, a relic of an earlier era trying to keep pace in a conflict rapidly evolving around it. More advanced Soviet aircraft like the Polikarpov R-Z and SB-2 were entering Republican service, and the humble Potez was gradually relegated to second-line duties—training, liaison, and the sort of reconnaissance where enemy contact was considered impolite. Still, it earned its stripes in the crucible of civil war, not by excelling, but by enduring. The Potez 25 TOE, with its colonial lineage and stoic persistence, proved once again that war is not always won by the best or brightest—sometimes it’s the biplane that simply refuses to stop flying.


The Amiot 143



The Amiot 143 was one of those interwar aircraft that seemed to defy the very notion of aerodynamics, resembling less a bomber and more a flying greenhouse bolted to a steel trestle. Designed in the early 1930s as part of France’s push for modernisation, it was already outdated by the time it entered full service in 1935. A high-wing monoplane with fixed undercarriage and an enormous glazed nose, the Amiot 143 looked as though it had been built by someone halfway through designing a train. It was powered by two 860 hp Gnome-Rhône 14K radial engines, giving it a top speed of roughly 285 km/h—adequate for the mid-1920s, not so much by 1936. It could carry up to 1,200 kg of bombs and featured no fewer than five defensive machine guns placed in nose, dorsal, ventral, and lateral positions, in what one assumes was a sincere attempt to shoot in every direction except forward.



In the Spanish Civil War, the Amiot 143 was deployed in small numbers by the French to aid the Republican cause—though "aid" is perhaps a generous term, as it frequently turned out to be more of a charitable donation of flying targets. A handful of examples were loaned or covertly transferred in late 1936 and early 1937. While the aircraft’s range (up to 1,200 km) and payload made it potentially useful for strategic bombing, its slow speed, appalling silhouette, and habit of flying as if it were carrying a full wine cellar meant it struggled to operate effectively in contested airspace. Republican crews attempted night bombing runs to mitigate its shortcomings, although visibility remained a pressing issue—especially from the nose, where the observer had the unenviable job of aiming bombs through a maze of struts, framing, and whatever condensation had built up on the glasshouse that morning.



Against modern fighters—such as the Nationalist CR.32 or Heinkel He 51 (cough)—the Amiot 143 fared poorly. Its defensive armament gave it a fighting chance, but only in the same way that a hedgehog gives a fighting chance to a passing lorry. Its lack of manoeuvrability and glacial climb rate meant that interception was often fatal, and several aircraft were lost in relatively short order. Still, Republican forces, desperate for anything capable of lifting more than a basket of grenades, made the best of the situation. The Amiots were employed primarily in rear-area bombing and logistical roles, with pilots soon mastering the fine art of "bombing from altitude and leaving immediately." Their real strength was in range and payload—useful for attacking depots or infrastructure when the skies were clear of hostile attention.



In the end, the Amiot 143’s service in Spain served largely to underscore the need for something faster, sleeker, and less likely to be mistaken for a shed in distress. Though hardly glorious, its contribution wasn’t without value: it helped the Republicans maintain a semblance of strategic bombing capability during a period when they were otherwise heavily reliant on hastily converted civilian aircraft and a smattering of Soviet designs. The Amiot, bless its clumsy heart, tried its best. And if it failed to strike fear into the hearts of the enemy, it at least struck bemusement—followed shortly thereafter by anti-aircraft fire.




The Bloch MB.200




The Bloch MB.200 was one of those aircraft that looked like it had been designed in a hurry and approved even faster. Conceived in the early 1930s as part of France’s attempt to modernise its air fleet, the MB.200 was a twin-engined monoplane bomber with an all-metal frame—remarkable at the time—and an aesthetic somewhere between “airborne bathtub” and “flying greenhouse.” It was powered by two Gnome-Rhône 14K radial engines churning out around 870 horsepower apiece, which enabled a top speed of approximately 285 km/h—just enough to outrun certain types of agricultural machinery. Armed with up to four 7.5 mm MAC 1934 machine guns in nose, dorsal, and ventral positions, and capable of carrying 1,200 kg of bombs, it was intended to be a strategic asset. In practice, it was more of a strategic inconvenience.



When civil war broke out in Spain, the French Popular Front government—keen to appear helpful without appearing too helpful—sent a handful of MB.200s to bolster the struggling Republican Air Force in late 1936. For the beleaguered Spanish pilots, these aircraft must have seemed a mixed blessing: undeniably modern by comparison with some of the flying museum pieces already in service, yet still hopelessly outmatched by modern fighter aircraft. The MB.200s were immediately put to use in both daylight and night bombing roles, flying missions against Nationalist supply depots, railway lines, and the occasional suspiciously quiet village square. Despite their lumbering nature, they were relatively stable platforms and could take a surprising amount of punishment—though not enough to consider such punishment an artifact of wisdom.



The aircraft quickly acquired a reputation for survivability that bordered on stubbornness. Crews appreciated the sturdy construction and decent defensive fields of fire, even if the visibility from the various turrets was only marginally better than peering through a letterbox during a thunderstorm. In the early stages of the war, when opposition in the air was sporadic, the MB.200 was moderately effective. But as the Nationalists received better fighters from Germany and Italy, the aircraft’s limitations became increasingly apparent. Attempts to fly daylight bombing missions without escort were generally ill-advised, and several MB.200s were lost to the nimble CR.32s and He 51s, which viewed the Bloch not so much as a threat but more as a flying buffet.



By the end of 1937, the MB.200 had largely been shifted to secondary roles—training, liaison flights, and occasional nighttime bombing where the odds of being intercepted were mercifully slim. Though never a star performer, it filled a crucial gap in the early war months and helped lay the foundation for more effective aerial operations later on. Its brief but earnest service in Spain serves as a reminder that, in war, even the dumpy, slow, and underloved machines have their moment—however fleeting—between the clouds and the chaos.



...and finally for this releases additions; the Bloch MB.210




The Bloch MB.210 was, in many respects, the French aviation industry’s attempt to apologise for the MB.200—by building another aircraft that looked oddly similar, flew only slightly better, and made broadly the same complaints when taken into combat. Designed as a modernised evolution of its boxier predecessor, the MB.210 featured a cleaner fuselage, fully retractable undercarriage (luxurious, by French 1930s standards), and more powerful radial engines—typically a pair of Gnome-Rhône 14N-10 or 14N-11s producing around 1,000 horsepower each. It could reach a top speed of just over 330 km/h and carry up to 1,200 kg of bombs, with defensive armament comprising multiple 7.5 mm MAC machine guns mounted in nose, dorsal, and ventral positions. This all sounds rather respectable until you recall that by the time it actually arrived in meaningful numbers, faster monoplane fighters were treating it as target practice.




The MB.210 made its way into the Spanish Civil War via the usual polite semi-deniable route taken by French matériel of the period—namely, “we’re not officially sending it, but oh look, here it is.” Republican forces received a small batch in 1937, just in time to realise that it was already bordering on obsolete. Nonetheless, with few better options and a front line in constant need of explosive reminders, the MB.210 was quickly put to work in bombing roles. While marginally faster and more aerodynamic than the MB.200, it was still lumbering by modern standards, and required either darkness, altitude, or sheer luck to make it back in one piece when facing modern enemy fighters. That said, it was a stable bombing platform and relatively easy to maintain—two qualities that, in wartime Spain, bordered on divine miracles.



In the field, Republican MB.210s were employed for both tactical and strategic bombing—attacking supply depots, troop columns, and rail lines with an enthusiasm somewhat disproportionate to their success rate. Crews appreciated the improved cockpit layout and the retractable undercarriage (which occasionally even worked as intended), but the aircraft remained an easy mark for the increasingly aggressive Nationalist fighter patrols. Encounters with Bf 109s and CR.32s frequently ended with Republican gunners discovering just how little a 7.5 mm machine gun could do against a determined opponent with both speed and altitude on their side. Daylight missions became less and less viable, pushing the MB.210 into night operations, where its real virtue was that no one could see it to shoot it down.



By the end of the war, the MB.210 had become a footnote in Spain's increasingly modern aerial conflict. Though never a game-changer, it was, like so many interwar bombers, a flying compromise: good enough for the late 1920s, barely acceptable by the mid-1930s, and wholly outclassed by the end of the decade. Still, it served with a sort of Gallic perseverance—an aircraft that knew it wasn’t the fastest or fiercest, but turned up anyway, did its job, and hoped no one noticed the smoking engine on final approach. As bomber crews went, they couldn’t ask for much more—except perhaps for a few extra knots of speed and someone to deal with the undercarriage when it jammed. Again.



So, there we have it! As we descend from this aerial tour of 1930s winged eccentricity, one cannot help but marvel at the sheer range of machines hurled—sometimes literally—into the Spanish Civil War. From the gallant stubbornness of the Potez 25 TOE to the magnificent absurdity of the Amiot 143, each aircraft brought with it not only bombs and bullets, but also an air of interwar optimism, long-suffering engineering, and a gentle refusal to accept the forward march of aerodynamics. They were underpowered, overburdened, and often as well-armoured as a wet tea towel—but they flew, and in that lies a kind of nobility. Or at least a noble attempt.

It’s easy to scoff at the likes of the Bloch MB.200, the Caproni Ca.310, or the indestructibly mild-mannered DH.89M Rapide—but in the fevered skies over Spain, these machines were the difference between something and nothing. They bombed, they reconnoitred, they occasionally got lost and did a bit of both. They served in a war where the frontline shifted as swiftly as Spanish post-prandial bowel movements, and where the only guarantee for aircrews was that their aircraft would likely be outpaced by the enemy and occasionally by their own ground crews. And yet, whether slogging over the Ebro or dodging Nationalist fighters above Madrid, they gave what they could—sometimes their best, frequently their last.

In sum, the Spanish Civil War was a chaotic theatre where yesterday’s aircraft flew today’s missions against tomorrow’s opposition. While none of these aircraft—bless their riveted hearts—would go down in history as technological triumphs, they were flown with courage, desperation, and the faint hope that maybe, just maybe, the metaphorical pigeon could outfly the hawk. That they mostly didn’t is beside the point. They had character, they had purpose, and most importantly—they had wings. 

...Just about.